Comprehensive Study Set on Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Attention, and Perception
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Comprehensive Study Set on Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Attention, and Perception
20 flashcards
Q1:What are the three main components of the multi-store model of memory?
A:Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Q2:What does Broadbent's filter model of attention propose?
A:It suggests that information is filtered at an early stage based on physical characteristics.
Q3:What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller's theory?
A:The capacity of short-term memory is typically around 7 plus or minus 2 items.
Q4:Define working memory and its importance in cognitive tasks.
A:Working memory is a system for temporarily holding and manipulating information, crucial for reasoning and guidance of decision-making and behavior.
Q5:What is the main function of encoding in memory processing?
A:Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input into a format that can be stored in memory.
Q6:How does selective attention affect perception?
A:Selective attention allows individuals to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others, shaping their experience and understanding of the environment.
Q7:What role does rehearsal play in memory retention?
A:Rehearsal helps maintain information in short-term memory and can also aid the transfer of information to long-term memory.
Q8:What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?
A:Explicit memory involves conscious recall of facts and events, while implicit memory involves unconscious skills and conditioned responses.
Q9:How do schemas influence our perception?
A:Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help organize and interpret information, influencing how we perceive and respond to new stimuli.
Q10:Describe a cognitive bias and give an example.
A:A cognitive bias is a systematic way in which the context and framing of information influence decision-making; an example is confirmation bias, where individuals seek out information that confirms their preexisting beliefs.
Q11:What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
A:The hippocampus is critical for the formation of new explicit memories and spatial memory.
Q12:What is the Stroop Effect, and what does it demonstrate about attention?
A:The Stroop Effect is a demonstration of the interference in the reaction time of a task; it illustrates how conflicting information affects attention.
Q13:What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing in perception?
A:Bottom-up processing starts with sensory input and builds up to perception, while top-down processing utilizes prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.
Q14:Define the term 'attention span.'
A:Attention span is the amount of time a person can concentrate on a task without becoming distracted.
Q15:What is the concept of 'cognitive load'?
A:Cognitive load refers to the amount of working memory resources used during learning or task performance.
Q16:How does sleep affect memory consolidation?
A:Sleep is essential for memory consolidation, allowing the brain to process and store new information more effectively.
Q17:Explain the concept of 'change blindness.'
A:Change blindness is a psychological phenomenon where a change in a visual stimulus goes unnoticed by the observer.
Q18:What is sensory memory?
A:Sensory memory is the brief initial storage of sensory information, lasting only a fraction of a second.
Q19:What is the phenomenon of 'flashbulb memory'?
A:Flashbulb memory refers to the vivid and detailed recollection of an emotionally significant event.
Q20:Define 'perception' in the context of cognitive psychology.
A:Perception is the process of organizing, interpreting, and consciously experiencing sensory information.
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What are the three main components of the multi-store model of memory?
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